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| 1483 |
| | The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river | |
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| 1498 |
| | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique | |
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| 1503 |
| | The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar | |
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| 1517 |
| | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1530 |
| | Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines | |
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| 1698 |
| | A fleet from Oman evicts the Portuguese from Mombasa and Zanzibar | |
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| 1821 |
| | An Egyptian army makes its camp at Khartoum, subsequently the capital of an Egyptian province in the Sudan | |
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| c. 1835 |
| | English artist Edward Lear begins a series of travels, sketching around the Mediterranean and in the Middle East | |
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| 1837 |
| | Zanzibar becomes the main place of residence of the sultan of Oman | |
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